Landslides are one of the most recurrent natural hazards occurring each year in the hilly and mountainous regions of Nepal causing massive loss of life and property. Natural hazards such as landslides cannot be avoided completely but the processes and consequences can be mitigated. The main objective of the study was on the application of Geographic Information System (GIS), and statistical calculations for landslide susceptibility modeling of Gulmi District, western Nepal. The models were derived using two different statistical approaches including Frequency Ratio (FR) and Shannon Entropy (SE). A landslide inventory of the Gulmi district was developed. The landslide inventories were used to derive the quantitative relationships between landslide occurrences and landslide causative factors. In this study, ten landslide influencing factors were used which include slope, aspect, curvature, lithology, geology, land use land cover, distance from the river, distance from the road, and distance from fault and soil type. Individual factor maps were prepared as thematic layers. After determining the weights of each class from the proposed two models, the landslide susceptibility maps were ready with five classes (very low hazard, low hazard, moderate hazard, high hazard and very high hazard) using GIS. The values of Area Under Curve (AUC) of success rate for FR and SE methods were found to be 81.8% and 80.6% respectively. The model shows that more than 15 % of the area falls under low and very low susceptibility level while 44% of the area has a high probability of landslide occurrence. The result of the present study indicates that integration of GIS has increased the quality and effectiveness of the overall process of susceptibility modeling and prediction mapping. To enhance the planning strategies for disaster mitigation and ensure sustainable development a reliable landslide hazard forecasting and risk assessment is a key component.

It has been observed that many vision-threatening eyes diseases are asymptomatic. The trend of the eye examination is that when an individual perceives some obstacles in his vision, the main manifestations are blurred vision, decreased vision, diplopia, glare, bright halo, headache, eye fatigue, squinting, etc. Its characteristic is asthenopia. The quality of life is greatly affected by visual and ophthalmic conditions. The existence of some silent killer diseases which do not show any significant symptoms but considerably decrease the vision and in some cases if remain untreated will irreversibly damage the eye resulting in permanent loss of vision. Large-scale surveys in the U.S. have shown that only 11% of people are aware that diabetic retinopathy comes with no initial warning symptoms and as little as 8% for open-angle glaucoma. Consequently, this study aims to establish the prevalence of asymptomatic ocular conditions affecting individuals including younger and older patients (above 10 years of age), seeking for an eye exam solely based on refractive symptoms and also to categorize and establish the prevalence of each ocular condition diagnosed in the course of their eye examination.

Intermittency in solar energy, in case of thermal applications, it is necessary to store this energy in the form of thermal energy. It can be used when solar energy is unavailable and thus helps in minimizing the mismatch between energy demand and supply. However, it has poor heat transfer characteristics resulting in more charging and discharging times. To address this issue, various methodologies related to heat transfer enhancement have been suggested. Moreover, suitable working parameters for the best performance of this thermal storage system are also obtained. The results obtained under the present study revealed that additions of longitudinal fins improve the system efficiency significantly by reducing the charging and discharging times. Better performances were observed at a higher value of inlet temperature and mass flow rate of HTF. Moreover, suitable working parameters for the best performance of this thermal storage system are also obtained.

This paper presents a critical review of numerical modeling and methods applied in the continuous casting mold. With the recent advancement in metallurgical methods, the continuous casting process now becomes the main method for steel production. To achieve efficient and effective production, the manufacturers of steel keep on searching for new methods which increase productivity. The continuous casting process comprises many complicated phenomena in terms of fluid flow, heat transfer, and structural deformation. The important numerical modeling method of the continuous casting process has been discussed in reference in this work. The present work describes molten steel flow, heat transfer, solidification, electromagnetic applications, formation of the shell by solidification and coupling, etc. Further, the distortion of strand by thermo-mechanical forces, bulging, bending, and crack prediction has been discussed briefly. Numerical simulations have led to the path where greater information can be unleashed to understand the metallurgical process of strand solidification.

VW Applied Sciences, Volume: 3, Issue: 1, 110-116 Received: July 01, 2021Accepted: July 29, 2021Published online: Aug. 02, 2021 Imran Khan 1,2*, Mubashra Idris Khan 3 1Department...