In this work, a small office building located in Roorkee (29° 52ʹ 29.48ʺ N, latitude & 77° 53ʹ 23.73ʺ E, longitude), India, has been simulated to calculate the heating load in the winter season. The office building has a net floor area of 13.14 m2, an air-conditioned volume of 39.4,2 m3, and a total window area of 12.79 m2, the proportion of windows to walls is forty-five percent on SW and SE facades, leading to high heating demands in the winter period. The computer simulation for the reduction of the building heating demand has been carried out in Design Builder software. Five different passive strategies have been implemented to reduce the building heating demand. These passive cooling techniques include retrofit techniques such as glazing, roof, wall thermal insulation, reflective coating, and windows frame. It has been found that the building's annual heating demand of 450 kWh in the base case (without retrofit) has been reduced by 75%-85% with the application of improved glazing, roof, wall thermal insulation, reflective coatings, and improved window frames. The net savings in this analysis refer to the energy savings. The savings are calculated over a 5-month period, from November to March. Total electric units of 352 can be saved over the course of five months. Also, CO2 emissions during the winter period can reduce by 718 kg by implementing these strategies per winter season.

As more and more renewable energy resources are penetrating the distribution networks, there have been growing concerns regarding its adverse impacts on the integrated power system. Consequently, numerous research works are being focused on methods of mitigating issues such as reliability, low power quality, stability, etc. Here in this paper performance of multilevel inverter for the solar photovoltaic (PV) based standalone and grid-connected system has been enhanced. The inverter circuit has been tested for parameters like THD (Total Harmonics Distortion) and system efficiency for standalone systems having RL load being operated at different power factors. Then the same analysis has been done for a grid-connected system with RL load connected in parallel at PCC (Point of Common Coupling). It is found that THD slightly decreases if the increment is being done in the power factor of the load. These distortions have been then reduced below 5% by connecting passive filters at PCC. Simulation results of THD, power output, and efficiency have been tabulated with variation in the operating power factor of the load. Further, power transfer to the utility grid from the PV inverter is examined along with THD and circuit efficiency. Finally, the simulated results have been plotted and compared with analytical results for validation of the proposed scheme.

Cogeneration, the combined generation of heat and power, is an efficient method to reduce cost or to save energy and hence, reduces the pollution. A large number of thermal process industries have this option to install cogeneration system and sugar mill is one of them. In this work, energy and exergy analysis of a sugar mill running on cogeneration system, having back pressure turbine system, has been carried out. Based on the operational data received from the industry, the detailed analysis of the system has been performed. It was found that the output power and excess power of the plant increases with increase in the boiler pressure and therefore, increases the cogeneration efficiency. Also, it was noticed that when the back pressure increases, the turbine output and cogeneration efficiency decrease and, Heat to Power Ratio (HPR) spans over a range of 2.79 to 4.07. From the exergy analysis of the plant, it is observed that the boiler is the main component for exergy destruction. The energy analysis of bagasse fired boiler was carried out and the results showed that energy efficiency was high up to 84.5%. However, the second law efficiency gave 28.5% and irreversibility rate associated with the combustion chamber was 62.19 MW which accounts 55.09% of the total fuel exergy.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to see how carbon fiber and graphite reinforcement affects the strength, wear, hardness, etc. of the ZA-27 alloy. The stir casting process was used to create composites containing carbon fiber and graphite particles. Using a block-on-disk tribometer, the tribological characteristics of unreinforced alloys and composites were investigated at various specific loads and sliding speeds. In all combinations of applied loads (Fn) and sliding speeds (v) in testing, the ZA-27/ graphite composite specimens displayed much lower wear performance than the matrix aluminum specimens. Nonuniform triboinduced graphite films were generated in test circumstances defined by a low graphite content and low sliding speeds and applied loads, resulting in a rise in the friction coefficient and wear rate as the sliding speed and applied load increased. It was found that reinforced samples performed better tribologically. Carbon fiber and graphite reinforced ZA-27 may find new applications in various machine parts in the industry.

The study's goal is to see how mechanical, wear, and thermal characteristics of ZA-27 alloy composites are all affected by macroscopic carbon fiber particles. The composites were made using the compo casting process, with carbon fiber particles used to strengthen the ZA-27 alloy. Under unlubricated circumstances, the pin on the disc equipment was subjected to wear testing at varied loads and speeds. With the addition of Carbon Fibre particles, it was discovered that the tribological quality improves. However, based on the results of the other parameters, in order to obtain better performance, the percentage of reinforcing must be tuned depending on the application requirements, and composites may be utilized as structural materials in a number of applications, including bearings and temperature control functions.